This paper estimates the long-term causal effects of the Kampung Improvement Program (KIP), one of the world's largest slum upgrading programs, on urban development in Jakarta, Indonesia. KIP ran from …
PublishedReview of Economic StudiesOnline 7 Nov 2025Published Jul 2026
This paper asks how cities grow in the process of structural transformation — specifically, whether urban expansion occurs at the intensive margin (higher density within a fixed area) or the extensive …